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The terms radical centrism, radical center (or radical centre), and radical middle refer to a political philosophy that arose in the Western nations, predominantly the United States and the United Kingdom, in the late 20th century. At first it was defined in a variety of ways, but at the beginning of the 21st century a number of texts and think tanks gave the philosophy a more developed cast.〔Olson, Robert (January–February 2005). "(The Rise of 'Radical Middle' Politics )". ''The Futurist'', vol. 39, no. 1, pp. 45–47. Publication of the World Future Society. Retrieved 7 February 2013.〕〔Tanenhaus, Sam (14 April 2010). "(The Radical Center: The History of an Idea )". ''The New York Times Book Review''. Retrieved 7 February 2013.〕 The "radical" in the term refers to a willingness on the part of most radical centrists to call for fundamental reform of institutions.〔Halstead, Ted; Lind, Michael (2001). ''The Radical Center: The Future of American Politics''. Doubleday / Random House, p. 16. ISBN 978-0-385-50045-6.〕 The "centrism" refers to a belief that genuine solutions require realism and pragmatism, not just idealism and emotion.〔Avlon, John (2004). ''Independent Nation: How the Vital Center Is Changing American Politics''. Harmony Books / Random House, p. 2. ISBN 978-1-4000-5023-9.〕 Thus one radical centrist text defines radical centrism as "idealism without illusions".〔Satin, Mark (2004). ''Radical Middle: The Politics We Need Now''. Westview Press and Basic Books, p. 5. ISBN 978-0-8133-4190-3.〕 Most radical centrists borrow what they see as good ideas from left, right, and wherever else they may be found, often melding them together.〔 Most support market-based solutions to social problems with strong governmental oversight in the public interest.〔Miller, Matthew (2003). ''The Two Percent Solution: Fixing America's Problems in Ways Liberals and Conservatives Can Love''. Public Affairs / Perseus Books Group. p. 71. ISBN 978-1-58648-158-2.〕 There is support for increased global engagement and the growth of an empowered middle class in developing countries.〔Halstead, Ted, ed.(2004). ''The Real State of the Union: From the Best Minds in America, Bold Solutions to the Problems Politicians Dare Not Address''. Basic Books, Chaps. 27–31. ISBN 978-0-465-05052-9.〕 Many radical centrists work within the major political parties, but also support independent or third-party initiatives and candidacies.〔Avlon (2004), Part 4.〕 Criticism of radical centrist policies and strategies has mounted as the political philosophy has developed. One common criticism is that radical centrist policies are only marginally different from conventional centrist policies.〔Marx, Greg (25 July 2011). "(Tom Friedman's 'Radical' Wrongness )". ''Columbia Journalism Review''. Retrieved 1 February 2013.〕 Another criticism is that the radical centrist penchant for third parties is naive and self-defeating.〔 Some observers see radical centrism as primarily a ''process'' of catalyzing dialogue and fresh thinking among polarized people and groups.〔 ==Influences and precursors== Some influences on radical centrist political philosophy are not directly political. Robert C. Solomon, a philosopher with radical-centrist interests,〔Solomon, Robert C. (2003). ''A Better Way to Think About Business: How Personal Integrity Leads to Corporate Success''. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-538315-7.〕 identifies a number of philosophical concepts supporting balance, reconciliation, or synthesis, including Confucius's concept of ren, Aristotle's concept of the mean, Erasmus's and Montaigne's humanism, Vico's evolutionary vision of history, William James's and John Dewey's pragmatism, and Aurobindo Ghose's integration of opposites.〔Solomon Robert C. Higgins, Kathleen M. (1996). ''A Short History of Philosophy''. Oxford University Press, pp. 93, 66, 161, 179, 222, 240, and 298. ISBN 978-0-19-510-196-6.〕 However, most commonly cited influences and precursors are from the political realm. For example, British radical-centrist politician Nick Clegg considers himself an heir to political theorist John Stuart Mill, former Liberal Prime Minister David Lloyd George, economist John Maynard Keynes, social reformer William Beveridge, and former Liberal Party leader Jo Grimond.〔Stratton, Allegra; Wintour, Patrick (13 March 2011). "(Nick Clegg Tells Lib Dems They Belong in 'Radical Centre' of British Politics )". ''The Guardian'' (London). Retrieved 1 February 2013.〕 In his book ''Independent Nation'' (2004), John Avlon discusses precursors of 21st-century U.S. political centrism, including President Theodore Roosevelt, Supreme Court Justice Earl Warren, Senator Daniel Patrick Moynihan, Senator Margaret Chase Smith, and African-American Senator Edward W. Brooke.〔Avlon, John (2004), pp. 26, 173, 223, 244, and 257.〕 Radical centrist writer Mark Satin points to political influences from outside the electoral arena, including communitarian thinker Amitai Etzioni, magazine publisher Charles Peters, management theorist Peter Drucker, city planning theorist Jane Jacobs, and futurists Heidi and Alvin Toffler.〔Satin (2004), pp. 10, 23, and 30〕 Satin calls Benjamin Franklin the radical middle's favorite Founding Father since he was "extraordinarily practical", "extraordinarily creative", and managed to "get the warring factions and wounded egos (the U.S. Constitutional Convention ) to transcend their differences".〔Satin (2004), p. 22.〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Radical centrism」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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